The Baltic States' Independence: World War I And The Subsequent Wars Of Independence.pdf

After World War I, five new states emerged from the ruins of Tsarist Russia on the Baltic Sea shores: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. This period was marked by significant political and social changes as these nations fought for their independence against various external influences.

Historical Background:
The Baltic region has a long history of foreign control, having been contested by Swedes, Danes, Poles, Germans, and Russians. In the 18th century, Sweden ceded its Baltic territories to Russia, leading to Russian dominance in Estonia, Latvia, and parts of Lithuania. Finland, part of Sweden, was annexed by Russia in 1809, becoming the Grand Duchy of Finland.

First World War Impact:
The war weakened Russia, creating a power vacuum that emboldened Baltic nationalists. German influence in the region also played a role, though Germany's eventual defeat limited its ability to support local independence movements directly.

Treaties and Exclusion:
Post-WWI treaties, such as the Treaty of Versailles, excluded the Baltic states from consideration, ignoring their desire for self-determination.

Nationalism and Identity:
A cultural nationalism centered on language evolved into political nationalism as these states sought independence. The specific factors influencing each state's path to independence varied, but all shared a common goal: to assert their national identities and achieve statehood.

International Intervention:
The Allies' intervention was crucial but indirect. They were primarily concerned with containing German power and preventing the spread of Bolshevism. Support for anti-Bolshevik forces indirectly strengthened the Baltic states' positions.

In summary, the Baltic States' independence was a result of Russia's weakness, the region's historical context, and international dynamics during and after World War I.