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Preview of The 1859 space weather event revisited: limits of extreme activity
🔗 Source: swsc-journal.org
📊 Size: 1.52 MB
👤 Author: Cliver Edward W., Dietrich William F.
⬇️ Downloads: 31

Summary

This article revisits the historic solar flare on September 1, 1859, and its associated geomagnetic storm, considered one of the most extreme space weather events ever recorded. The authors aim to reassess the upper limits of the solar flare's intensity and the severity of its effects.

Key Findings:

1. Solar Flare Classification: Using modern standards and comparing with historical records, the 1859 flare is estimated to have been a >X45 (with an uncertainty range of X35-X48) solar X-ray (SXR) event, making it significantly more intense than previously thought.

2. Geomagnetic Storm Intensity: The minimum Disturbance (Dst) magnetic storm index for this event is estimated at 900 nT (+50/-150), surpassing previous estimates and placing it among the strongest geomagnetic storms on record.

3. Solar Energetic Proton (SEP) Event: While direct evidence of a SEP event associated with the 1859 flare is lacking, a correlation between >30 MeV SEP fluence (F30) and flare size suggests a best-guess F30 value of ~1.1 × 10^10 pr cm² for this composite event, approximately double the largest modern SEP episode estimates.

Conclusions:

The 1859 solar flare and its associated geomagnetic storm remain among the most extreme space weather events in history. The updated assessments of flare intensity and SEP fluence highlight the potential risks posed by such events to modern technologies and infrastructure dependent on satellites and power grids. This study contributes to our understanding of historical space weather extremes and aids in preparing for future events.

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Description

The 1859 solar flare, one of the strongest on record, reached an estimated X45 class intensity and produced a geomagnetic storm with a minimum Dst index of 900 nT; modern data suggest a potential solar energetic proton (SEP) event associated with the flare.

Technical Information

  • File Format: PDF
  • File Size: 1.52 MB
  • Pages: 15
  • Language: EN
  • Author: Cliver Edward W., Dietrich William F.
  • Total Downloads: 31
  • Last Updated: 3 weeks ago

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