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Vertebrate fossil materials were collected from over a dozen cave localities on Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico, with Audubon's shearwater bones being the most predominant. Fragmentary lizard bones and fossil skeletal bones from other bird species were also found. The island has a limited number of native vertebrate species, including nine species of terrestrial reptiles, one species of amphibian, and two species of native mammals, both bats. Non-native species, such as rats, mice, goats, pigs, and wild house cats, were introduced by settlers, miners, and pirates. Previous paleontological investigations have found tortoise bones, bird bones, and fish bones, with the most significant discovery being Geochelone (Monachelys) monesis, a tortoise species. Recent investigations in 1995 collected samples from various caves, identifying Audubon's Shearwater, Mona Island Ground Iguana, and Blainvilee's Leaf-chinned Bat, with estimated ages of tens of years rather than hundreds of years. The 1995 sampling localities included several caves, where guano and detrital material were sifted, and bone material was picked and identified, mostly as Audubon's Shearwater, with some specimens of Black-capped Petrel, Red-footed and Brown Boobies, and a large passerine bird.