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Flameless combustion was developed to suppress thermal NOx formation in burners for heating industrial furnaces using preheated combustion air. It has various applications, including heat treating and heating furnaces in the steel industry, gas turbines, bio gas burners, and burners for hydrogen reformers. Flameless oxidation can suppress thermal NO-formation even when highly preheated air is used. It was first observed in 1989 during experiments with a self-recuperative burner, where no flame was seen, and no UV-signal could be detected, despite the fuel being completely burnt. The combustion was stable and smooth, with no lifted flame, and NOx emissions were close to zero. Further experiments determined the essential conditions for flameless oxidation, which include mixing fuel and air jets into a strong recirculating flow of exhaust prior to reaction.