Storm-Hardened Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Preparing For Disasters.pdf

Introduction:
FEMA and NREL have developed storm-hardening checklists for Puerto Rico and other communities to enhance the resilience of renewable energy and distributed energy systems during severe weather events, particularly hurricanes. The goal is to ensure solar photovoltaic (PV) systems remain operational post-storm, providing power to neighborhoods and critical facilities.

Motivation:
Solar PV systems can offer reliable power sources after disasters like hurricanes due to their diurnal power generation and potential islanding capabilities with battery storage. However, damage during storms often results from inadequate pre-storm preparation.

Intended Audience:
Checklists are targeted at owners and operators of various PV system types: utility ground-mounted, distributed ground-mounted, and distributed roof-mounted systems. Utilities and IPPs have more resources for maintenance, while residential owners may require post-storm assistance from certified electricians.

Benefits:
Improving PV survivability reduces local safety risks during high winds and flooding, preventing structural damage, electrical hazards, and property damage caused by aerial projectiles.

Major Components and Survivability Issues:

1. Solar PV Modules:
- Glass sheets and metal frames can crack or break.
- Frames must be securely attached to prevent detachment.

2. PV Cable Connectors:
- Need firm attachment; can come loose in winds and get damaged by flooding.

3. DC Cables:
- Routed with clips or wire ties, not too tightly to avoid wear.
- Exposed underneath modules should be in conduits.

4. Wire Ties/Clips:
- Secure wires from dangling and potential damage in high winds.

5. Conduit:
- Protects and routes wires; check for secure attachment and sealing.

6. Inverter:
- Converts DC to AC power; ensure proper protection and routing of wires.

Safety Note: Only qualified electricians should work on PV system electrical components due to high voltage risks.