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lab03.pdf
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Summary

## CS2106 Lab 3 Summary

This lab exercise investigates system call overhead and explores concepts of orphaned and zombie processes, as well as process groups in Linux.

Key Concepts:

System Call Overhead: The cost (in CPU time) associated with making a system call compared to executing regular code.
 Orphaned Process: A process that has finished execution but its parent hasn't reaped it using `wait()` or `pgrep()`.
Zombie Process: The state of an orphaned process. Its resources are released once the parent reaps it.
 Process Group (PGID): A collection of one or more processes, identified by a PGID which is the PID of its leader.

Exercises and Solutions:

1. System Call Overhead:

(a) Measured CPU time for `getpid()` calls (1,000,000 times).
 (b) Measured CPU time for direct `syscall(SYS_getpid);` (1,000,000 times) to bypass caching.
(c) Calculated average overhead of system calls compared to function calls based on the measured times.
 (d) Determined if fork() is measured at parent or child process and calculated its average time in nanoseconds.

2. Orphan and Zombie Processes:

(a) Created a program `zombie.c` that leads to a defunct (zombie) process due to an infinite loop after forking.
 (b) Used `kill` to terminate the zombie process and explained why it was called a "zombie."
(c) Created a modified version `orphan.c` of `zombie.c` resulting in a different parent process for the orphaned process, explaining the difference.

3. Process Groups:

(a) Observed PGIDs of processes created by running `eight.c`, identifying the leader and its associated group.
* (b) Documented the command to send a signal to a process group based on research in the `man` pages.

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Description

Complete Lab 3 for CS2106 at NUS School of Computing by 9 September 2011, 11:59 PM. Submit a properly named text file with your answers via IVLE Workbin, using the provided template and Linux platform; adhere to formatting and naming guidelines to avoid deductions.

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